8/10/2023 0 Comments Nasa stock graph(See Relative humidity#Other important facts.) The atmospheric concentration of vapor is highly variable and depends largely on temperature, from less than 0.01% in extremely cold regions up to 3% by mass in saturated air at about 32 ☌. Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales, such as near irrigated fields. Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds. Increasing water vapor in the stratosphere at Boulder, Colorado The most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, listed in decreasing order of average global mole fraction, are: Carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for almost 0.1% of Earth's atmosphere and have an appreciable greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases are infrared active gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth. These gases make up more than 99% of the dry atmosphere. The major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen ( NĢ) (21%), and argon (Ar) (0.9%), are not infrared active and so are not greenhouse gases. The relative importance of water vapor decreases with increasing altitude. Earth emits thermal radiation particularly strongly in the vicinity of the carbon dioxide 15-micron absorption band. Water vapor absorbs over a broad range of wavelengths. Longwave-infrared absorption coefficients of primary greenhouse gases. However, even taking relative abundances into account, this effect is small compared to the influences of Earth's major greenhouse gases. NĢ are able to absorb and emit very small amounts of infrared thermal radiation as a result of collision-induced absorption. Hence they are almost totally unaffected by infrared thermal radiation. This is because monatomic gases such as Ar do not have vibrational modes, and molecules containing two atoms of the same element such as NĢ have no asymmetry in the distribution of their electrical charges when they vibrate. They are transparent to thermal radiation, and, for practical purposes, do not absorb or emit thermal radiation. Gasses with only one atom (such as argon, Ar) or with two identical atoms (such as nitrogen, NĢ) are not infrared active. Technically, this is because an asymmetry in the molecule's electric charge distribution allows molecular vibrations to interact with electromagnetic radiation. Most gases whose molecules have two different atoms (such as carbon monoxide, CO), and all gasses with three or more atoms (including H 2O and CO 2), are infrared active and act as greenhouse gases. Gases which can absorb and emit thermal infrared radiation, are said to be infrared active. Methane emissions originate from agriculture, fossil fuel production, waste, and other sources. Additional contributions come from cement manufacturing, fertilizer production, and changes in land use like deforestation. The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, petroleum (including oil) and natural gas. If current emission rates continue then temperatures will surpass 2.0 ☌ (3.6 ☏) sometime between 20, which is the level the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says is "dangerous". Īverage global surface temperature has risen by 1.2 ☌ (2.2 ☏) as a result of greenhouse gas emissions. Methane causes most remaining warming and lasts in the atmosphere for an average of 12 years. Carbon dioxide is causing about 3/4ths of global warming and can take thousands of years to be fully absorbed by the carbon cycle. Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have increased the atmospheric concentration of methane by over 150% and carbon dioxide by over 50%, up to a level not seen in over 3 million years. Greenhouse gases exist in many atmospheres, creating greenhouse effects on Mars, Titan and particularly in the thick atmosphere of Venus. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 ☌ (0 ☏), rather than the present average of 15 ☌ (59 ☏). The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor ( H 2O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane ( CH 4), nitrous oxide ( N 2O), and ozone ( O 3). Radiative forcing (warming influence) of different contributors to climate change through 2019, as reported in the Sixth IPCC assessment report.Ī greenhouse gas ( GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy at thermal infrared wavelengths, causing the greenhouse effect.
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